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\data\typol\typology
Number: 381
Language: Biseni
Location: Nigeria
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Ijo-Defaka
Consonant system:

   




Number: 382
Language: Kolokuma
Alternate Name: Ijo
Location: S Nigeria
Population: 158,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Ijo-Defaka
Grammar: Williamson, Kay. 1965. A Grammar of the Kolokuma Dialect of Ijo. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Other Sources:

   Williamson, Kay. 1969. "Ijo," in TNL, 97-114.
STAL

Consonant system:

   p t k kp
b d ɡ ɡb
f s (h)
v z (ɣ)
m n ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
Fricatives: f v s z (ɣ) (h)
Nasals: m n ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   i u
I ʋ
e o
ɛ ɔ
    a

Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃̃ Ĩ (ẽ) ɛ̃ ã ũ ʋ̃ (õ) ɔ̃
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V(N)
Tones: hi lo downdirft
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 383
Language: Kolokuma
Dialect: Mein
Location: S Nigeria
Population: 158,000 (58,000)
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Ijo-Defaka
Other Sources: STAL
Consonant system:

   p t k kp
b d ɡ ɡb
f s h
v z ɣ
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
Fricatives: f v s z ɣ h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
    a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
Tones: hi mid lo ris fall
Number: 384
Language: Abure
Location: Ivory Coast
Population: 7,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Consonant system:

   




Number: 385
Language: Eotile
Location: Ivory Coast
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Consonant system:

   




Number: 386
Language: Akan
Dialect: Fante
Location: S Ghana
Population: 2 million
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Dictionary:

   Christaller, J. G. 1933. Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Language. Basel: Basel Evangelical Missionary Society.
Berry, Jack. 1960. English, Twi, Asante, Fante Dictionary. London: Macmillan.

Grammar:

   Balmer, W. T. and F. C. F. Grant. 1929. A Grammar of the Fante-Akan Language. London: Atlantic Press.
Welmers, William E. 1946. A Descriptive Grammar of Fanti, Supplement to Lg 22:3.

Consonant system:

   p t k kʷ
b d ɡ ɡʷ
f s h hʷ
m n
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ
Fricatives: f s h hʷ
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ k ɡ h
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   I ʋ
ɛ ɔ
    a

Front Vowels: I ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ
Nasal Vowels: Ĩ ã ʋ̃
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: noun classes
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3hH 6hH
H=non-human

Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 387
Language: Abron
Dialect: Twi
Location: S Ghana
Population: 2 million
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
TextBooks:

   Rapp, E. L. 1948. An Introduction to Twi. London: Longmans.
Bellon, Immanuel. 1963. Twi Lessons for Beginners. Accra: Longmans.

Other Sources: Boadi, L. 1963. "Palatality as a Factor in Twi Vowel Harmony," JAL 2, 133-8.
Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s h
m n
    (l)
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n
Laterals: (l)
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   c̄ m n
cj k ɡ h n
cʷ d k h n

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   i u
I ʋ
e o
ɛ ɔ
æ a

Front Vowels: i I e ɛ æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels:

   ṽ
v̄̃

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Diphthongs: ae ai ei ɛe oe ɔe oi ui aw ew ɛw iw ɔw uw
Tones: hi mid lo ris fall
Noun Number: s p
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3hH 6hH
H=non-human

Syntax: SVO NA ND N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 388
Language: Baule
Location: EC Ivory Coast
Population: 373,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Grammar: GD: Carteron, Michel. 1972. Étude de la langue baoulé, 8 vols. Bocanda, Ivory Coast: Mission Catholique.
Other Sources:

   Stewart, J. M. 1956. "Notes on Baule Phonology," BSOAS 18, 353-65.
Gross, Marcel. 1967. "Essai pour une phonologie de baulé," BSELAF 2.
Vogler, P. 1968. "Esquisse d'une phonologie du baoulé," Annales de l'Univ d'Abidjan, Series H, Linguistique, tome 1, fascicule 1, 5-17.

Consonant system:

   (p) t c k kp
b d ɟ ɡ (ɡb)
f s
v z
m n ñ
    l
    (r)

Stops: (p) b t d c ɟ k ɡ kp (ɡb)
Fricatives: f v s z
Nasals: m n ñ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j (ɥ) w
Vowel system:

   i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
    a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ õ
Syllable: (C)(C)V Nˈ
Tones: hi mid lo ris fall
Demonstratives: 2 + ref
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 389
Language: Anyi
Dialect: Brissa
Location: Ghana
Population: 450,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Grammar: Chamberlain, G. D. 1930. A Brief Account of the Brissa Language. Accra: Government Printing Office.
Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s š h
    z
m n ŋ
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z š h
Nasals: m n ŋ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants:

   cj h
cʷ č ɡ̌ h

Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
æ a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ æ̃ ũ õ
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO NA GN ND POSS-N N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP/POST
Number: 390
Language: Anyi
Dialect: Sanvi
Location: SE Ivory Coast
Population: 450,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Grammar: Retord, G. n.d. L'Agni: Varieté dialectale Sanvi.
Consonant system:

   p t̪ c k kp ʔ
b d̪ ɟ ɡʷ ɡb
f s (š) h
    z
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l̪

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡʷ kp ɡb ʔ
Fricatives: f s z (š) h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Glides: j ɥ w
Vowel system:

   i u
I ʋ
e o
ɛ ɔ
    a

Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ Ĩ ã ũ ʋ̃
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)V Nˈ
Tones: hi lo
Articles: indef
Syntax: SVO NA GN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: (PREP)/POST
Number: 391
Language: Chakosi
Location: N Ghana (Northern)
Population: 20,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Dictionary: Krass, A. C. 1970,1973. A Dictionary of the Chokosi Language, 2 vols. Legon, Ghana: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ghana.
Grammar: Stanford, Ronald and Lyn Stanford. 1970. The Phonology and Grammar of Chakosi. Ghana: Institute of African Studies, Univ of Ghana.
Consonant system:

   p t k kp
b d ɡ ɡb
    č
    ɡ̌
f s h
m n ñ ŋ ŋm
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants:

   c̄ l
cj p b t d kp ɡb f m n ŋm
cʷ p b k ɡ č ɡ̌ s l ŋk ŋɡ
Nc p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb č ɡ̌

Glides: ɥ w w̥
Vowel system:

   i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
    a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Nasal Vowels: Ĩ ɛ̃ ã ʋ̃ ɔ̃
Syllable: (C)V(m) Nˈ
Tones: hi lo fall downstep
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N D+N+A+Num
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 392
Language: Nzema
Location: SW Ghana (W Western)
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Grammar: Welman, C. W. n.d. A Preliminary Study of the Nzima Language. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies.
Other Sources:

   Chinebuah, I. K. 1963. "The Category of Number in Nzema," JAL 2, 249-59.
Language Guide (Nzema Edition). 1967. Accra: Bureau of Ghana Languages.
Chinebuah, I. K. 1971. "Variable Nouns in Nzema," JAL 10, 42-64.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d̪ d ɡ
    č čʷ
    ɡ̌ ɡ̌ʷ
f s š h
v z ʁ
m n ñ ŋ
    l l̃
    ɹ̣

Stops: p b d̪ t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌ čʷ ɡ̌ʷ
Fricatives: f v s z š ʁ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l l̃
Vibrants: ɹ̣
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   i u
I ʋ
e o
ɛ ɔ
    a

Front Vowels: i I e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Long Vowels: v̄
Nasal Vowels: ṽ
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Tones: hi mid lo
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3hH 6
H=non-human

Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 393
Language: Ahanta
Location: Ghana
Population: 100,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Consonant system:

   




Number: 394
Language: Awutu
Location: Ghana
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Consonant system:

   




Number: 395
Language: Chiripong
Location: Ghana
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Consonant system:

   




Number: 396
Language: Gonja
Dialect: Hill
Location: SE Ghana
Population: 250,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Other Sources: Painter, Colin. n.d. Fourteen Papers on Gwa.
Consonant system:

    t̪h kh kp
b d (ɡ) (ɡb)
    č
    ɡ̌
f s̪ h
m n ñ ŋ ŋm
    l̪

Stops: b t̪h d kh (ɡ) kp (ɡb)
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s̪ h
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ ŋm
Laterals: l̪
Modified Consonants: cʷ kh č ɡ̌ l (ɡ h ñ)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   i u
I ʋ
e o
ɛ ɔ
æ a

Front Vowels: i I e ɛ æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o ɔ
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: lˈ Nˈ
Tones: hi lo ris fall downstep
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 1
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3ai 6

Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num
Prep/Post: PREP
Number: 397
Language: Gonja
Dialect: Gonja
Location: N Ghana (Northern)
Population: 250,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Grammar: Painter, Colin. 1970. Gonja. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Consonant system:

   p t k kp
b d ɡ ɡb
    č
    ɡ̌
f s (h)
   (z)
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s (z) (h)
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
    a

Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Syllable: rˈ Nˈ
Tones: hi lo (ris) (fall) downstep downdrift upstep
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3ai 6ai

Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 398
Language: Nkonya
Location: E Ghana (Volta)
Population: 11,000
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Grammar: Reineke, Brigitte. 1972. The Structure of the Nkonya Language. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie.
Consonant system:

   p t k kp
b ḍ ɟ
    ts
f s
    ɦ
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p b t ḍ ɟ k kp
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: f s ɦ
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cʷ k ɦ n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
    ɑ

Front Vowels: i e ɛ
Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C) Nˈ
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: ?
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Syntax: SVO NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 399
Language: Nawuri
Location: Ghana
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Consonant system:

   




Number: 400
Language: Nchumunu
Location: Ghana
Classification: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Western: Nyo
Consonant system:

   




typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-modifiedvo,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-tones,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-modifiedvo,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-modifiedvo,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-modifiedvo,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-articles,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-modifiedvo,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-modifiedvo,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-syllable,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,
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